Challenge Pose: 4 Steps to Flying Pigeon


https://www.yogajournal.com/poses/challenge-pose-4-steps-flying-pigeon

Challenge Pose: 4 Steps to Flying Pigeon

Kathryn Budig breaks down the components of this advanced arm balance then wraps it all together with how-to instructions for getting into this elusive peak pose.
SEP 10, 2015

Move with confidence into Flying Pigeon with these step-by-step prep poses from YJLIVE presenter Kathryn Budig. Want more yoga inspiration, practice and pose tips? Take our 21-Day Yoga Challenge, graduate and get a chance to be on YJ’s cover!

 

Clean design, which reinforces the sense of visual cleaning of an apartment by Cadi Arquitetura


http://www.caandesign.com/clean-design-reinforces-sense-visual-cleaning-apartment-cadi-arquitetura/

Clean design, which reinforces the sense of visual cleaning of an apartment by Cadi Arquitetura

Architects: Cadi Arquitetura
Location: R. João Matte Sobrinho, Brazil
Year: 2016
Area: 1.539 ft²/ 143 m²
Photo courtesy: Cristiano Bauce
Description:

“Before moving to Lajeado, in Rio Grande do Sul, mother and daughter lived in a large house with a backyard, in Santa Cruz do Sul. Despite the choice of an apartment as a new home, the matriarch did not want to give up the entrance of light and the presence of green for the new home. That is why the project integrated the social area creating a great light and airy environment.

Even offering plenty of natural light, it needed to bring a little more green into apartament. The solution found was to line the wall that starts in the entrance hall and ends in the kitchen with a wallpaper that in addition to the vibrant emerald green color, stamped with several palm leaves and creates the feeling of jungle inside the house.

In addition, organization was the key word of the project. At the customer’s request, exposed utensils, niches, shelves and any exposed furniture were prohibited in the project. And the kitchen of the apartment, which was totally open, did not please much.

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To solve the question of the kitchen very exposed, a slat of wood brought privacy and delimited the spaces better. The high kitchen countertop also helped with this, and it also provided support for a table where the family dines from day to day.

We bet on the joinery with clean design, which reinforces the sense of visual cleaning. This minimalist aesthetic is present throughout the project, which is marked by the neutral base, enclosed spaces and few objects of decoration.”

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Inclusivity Training: 4 Ways Teachers Can Hurt Students with Language


https://www.yogajournal.com/teach/inclusivity-training-4-ways-teachers-hurt-students-language

Inclusivity Training: 4 Ways Teachers Can Hurt Students with Language

You may quickly pick up on outdated alignment cues, but what about common words and phrases that inherently single out gender, ability, race, socioeconomic status, or age? Learn how to realign your language in yoga class.
chelsea jackson teaching

Sign up now for Yoga Journal’s new online course Inclusivity Training for Yoga: Building Community with Compassion for an introduction to the skills and tools you need as a teacher and as a student. In this class, you’ll learn how to better identify student needs, make compassionate and inclusive language choices, gracefully offer pose alternatives, give appropriate assists, reach out to neighboring communities, and expand and diversify your classes.

As yoga teachers and students, we quickly pick up on alignment cues that make no sense or promote misconceptions about anatomy (think about doing Triangle Pose “between two panes of glass”), but we may not be as fast to catch common words and phrases that inherently single out, or exclude, gender, ability, race, socioeconomic status, or age. Here are four ways teachers may be inadvertently hurting their students and suggestions for how to realign language in class. Make yoga synonymous with ahimsa, or non-harming, so all students feel welcomed and included.

4 Common Language Misalignments in Yoga

#1: Pose value assumptions: “Now to move into the full pose…” and “The full expression of this posture is…”

Suggestion: Instead of placing more value on some versions of a posture over others, try using language like, “Another variation of this posture can be…,” or, “If you want to try another version…”

A great way to reveal the unintentional and hidden biases we bring with us to our yoga classes is to reflect on our personal relationship to the practice. Notice if you place a hierarchy on certain poses. Are some “better” than others? Do you use language that describes a posture as the full expression? If so, what message does this send to the practitioner who may never achieve that form? The more we reflect on our own practice, the more we will become aware of the language and lenses we use with our students.

#2: Body image assumptions: “This posture is a great way to get rid of your belly fat.” and “Let’s shed those holiday pounds.”

Suggestion: Be conscious of the language you use when talking about yoga and the body. Notice if you tend to project your relationship with body image and yoga onto your students. Stay focused on what the posture is doing in the moment with the bodies you have in front of you. Try language that does not focus on losing weight or altering the bodies of your students. Our relationships with our bodies can be deeply personal, and as teachers it is our responsibility to not make decisions about how our students’ bodies should look. Also, always be aware of who is in your class. Notice if you place more value on certain body types when talking about physical yoga postures.

#3: Gender assumptions: “Men typically have tighter hips than women in this pose.” and “Men have stronger upper bodies than women.”

Suggestion: Stay away from making body and gender generalizations, especially if you are not certain about the gender identity of your students. For example, do you assume someone can’t get into a hip-opening pose based on the way they look? Or do you talk in terms of just two genders? Also, notice if your assumptions privilege a certain gender over others. An easy way to become more aware about the gender identity of your students is by including a question about preferred pronouns on your student information sheet.

#4: I’ll never get it right

Have you ever caught yourself thinking: “It seems like no matter what, I am going to get it wrong.” Or if you are a yoga teacher, “I have too many students to be able to cater to each individual need.” Or “This is yoga. I don’t have to be concerned about inclusivity and diversity because we are all one.”?

Suggestion: Just like your yoga practice probably did not happen overnight, the ways in which you teach and the language you use won’t evolve instantly either. This takes practice, too! You are not expected to get it right the first time, but you are expected to move from a place of compassion and love yourself throughout the process.

The definition of yoga is simply to join, to yoke, and to unite. If yoga teachers truly believe in the sacred teachings of yoga, then they should be open to reflecting on ways to be more inclusive through our practice, words, and teachings, uniting students with language that builds trust and safety within our yoga classes. Above all, be mindful of your assumptions and get to know your students—why they are there; where they come from; and what practices are best for them.

Eager to learn more? Sign up now for Inclusivity Training for Yoga: Building Community with Compassion

 

《 辛曉琪 – 在你背影守候 (05:16) 》


《 辛曉琪 – 在你背影守候 (05:16) 》

在你背影守候

作詞:黃舒駿
作曲:黃舒駿
我要如何走入你緊閉的心扉
從你的臉 從你的眼 還是你的淚
你的眉宇之間 鎖著深深的傷悲
卻也鎖著我 對你深深的愛戀
我要如何面對你覆雪的容顏
用我的臉 用我的眼 還是我的淚
我的惆悵喜悅 隨著你起伏盤旋
你的愛 是我最後的心願
但我~ 在你背影守候已久 守候你偶然回頭的笑容
但我~ 在你背影守候已久 守候你真心回頭的笑容
Repeat All Once
但我~ 在你背影守候已久 守候你偶然回頭的笑容
但我~ 在你背影守候已久 守候你真心回頭的笑容
但我~ 在你背影守候已久 守候你真心回頭的笑~容

 

Double View House by Architekti Šebo Lichý


http://www.caandesign.com/double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy/

Double View House by Architekti Šebo Lichý

Architects: Architekti Šebo Lichý
Location: BratislavaSlovakia
Year: 2013
Area: 1,292 ft²/ 120 m²
Photo courtesy: Tomáš Manina
Description:

The family house is located in steep terrain on a narrow land in a densely built-up part of town. Have these conditions determine the first architectural constraints. On the one hand, this place offers a panoramic view of the city, on the other hand view of the green, tranquil gardens and fruit trees. The house is artfully fitted into the hillside, so that it fully utilizes the possibilities of the space.

double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-01

Thanks to setting the house away from the street front, the space was created for a small garden overlooking the city. The height difference between the street level and the first floor is used for carport, covered with greenery. This has managed to create one continuous space, which continues from the front garden to the rear garden. Thanks to the glass walls on both sides of the house is the room visually connected and green becomes part of the interior.

double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-02

Another practical feature is the second floor overhangs that provide cover and allow both terraces and seating outside in any weather. Besides overhangs serve as an effective shielding of the glazed surfaces so that they do not overheat the interior in the summer.

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double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-03

A center of daily life is the living room with original fireplace. The client had a clear idea of the spatial structuring of the interior, which is timeless, airy and pleasant. On the first floor there is a living room, kitchen and dining room, and the whole space is naturally connected with the view of the front and rear green garden. On the second floor there are bedrooms, two children’s rooms with city views and a master bedroom overlooking the garden. At the top level of the house there is another roof garden with panoramic views of the city, which you can access along the small private home office. Staircase is another significant feature of this house, it stretches from the bottom up, and instead the railings practical furniture cubes are used.

double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-04Architecture of the house arose naturally. The basis was the spatial concept of the interior and the possibility of lighting and height possibilities of the property must have been also taken into account. The result is a timeless home that directly radiates peace and comfortable family life.

double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-05double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-06double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-07double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-08double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-09double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-10double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-11double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-12double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-13double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-14double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-15double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-16double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-17double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-18double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-19double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-20double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-21double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-22double-view-house-by-architekti-sebo-lichy-23

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《 Paul McCartney – Silly Love Songs (05:54) 》


《 Paul McCartney – Silly Love Songs (05:54) 》

You’d think that people
Would’ve had enough of silly love songs
But I look around me
And I see it isn’t so

Some people want to fill the world
With silly love songs
And what’s wrong with that?
I’d like to know
Cause here I go again

I love you
I love you
I love you
I love you

(I love you)
I can’t explain
The feeling’s plain to me
Now can’t you see?

(I love you)
Ah, she gave me more
She gave it all to me
Now can’t you see?

What’s wrong with that?
I need to know
Cause here I go again

I love you
I love you

Love doesn’t come in a minute
Sometimes it doesn’t come at all
I only know that when I’m in it
It isn’t silly
Love isn’t silly
Love isn’t silly at all

How can I tell you about my loved one?
How can I tell you about my loved one?
(I love you)
How can I tell you about my loved one?
(I love you)
How can I tell you about my loved one?

I love you
I love you

I love you
(I can’t explain, the feeling’s plain to me, say, can’t you see?)
I love you
(Ah, he gave me more, he gave it all to me, say, can’t you see?)

I love you (I can’t explain, the feeling’s plain to me, say, can’t you see?)
(How can I tell you about my loved one?)

I love you
(Ah, he gave me more, he gave it all to me, say, can’t you see?) (How can I tell you about my loved one?)

I love you
(I can’t explain, the feeling’s plain to me, say, can’t you see?)
(How can I tell you about my loved one?)

I love you
(Ah, he gave me more, he gave it all to me, say, can’t you see?) (How can I tell you about my loved one?)

You’d think that people
Would’ve had enough of silly love songs
But I look around me
And I see it isn’t so
Oh, no

Some people want to fill the world
With silly love songs
And what’s wrong with that?

以濕地概念營造地下水庫 大潮州人工湖要讓「洪水資源化」


http://e-info.org.tw/node/206081?utm_source=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B1&utm_campaign=5f45bb473a-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_07_27&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_f99f939cdc-5f45bb473a-84956681

以濕地概念營造地下水庫 大潮州人工湖要讓「洪水資源化」

建立於 2017/08/29
作者:廖靜蕙(本報特約記者)

「地底下本為大蓄水庫,如何善用我們的地下水庫(making better use of our largest reservoir)是聯合國教科文組織的研究所提出之本世紀蓄水空間新思維。」屏東科技大學工學院長丁澈士長久來關注地下水庫的利用,這幾年,屏東縣政府在來義、萬巒與新埤鄉交界,開挖大潮州地下水人工補注湖,便成為一項重要的觀察指標。

大潮州人工湖是為了減緩佳冬、林邊及枋寮一帶地層下陷的問題,開發基地位處佔地300公頃。透過補注地下水,除可減緩因下游沿海地區過度抽取地下水造成地層下陷的速度外,另可供應每日約10萬立方公尺的地下水。

2015年大潮州人工湖工程現場。攝影:廖靜蕙

第一期工程先於50公頃進行先期計畫完成,包括輸水、取水、沈砂及沈澱池湖區、固床等工程項目,分為兩階段完成,工程費共計14億元,第一期第一階段已完工,現進行第二階沈澱池湖區工程。

地下水庫天然好用 善加管理增源減洪

「這座人工湖原理,就是增加人工補注調蓄雨水,實踐『增源減洪』四字箴言,將洪水資源化,水害變成水利!」跟著丁澈士走訪大潮州人工湖腹地,一邊瞭解人工湖的原理以及理想。

「將洪水引導到入湖區,滲透到地底下儲存,之後因應季節需水進行調節;抽水量經過管理,知道哪些地方可以抽,才不會造成地層下陷。」這座人工湖預計達到年補注1.5億噸,補注10年後,提供6千萬噸的水源。

丁澈士分析,林邊溪的沖積平原大概有250平方公里(2萬5千公頃),地底下200公尺的含水層(或理解為地下水庫),土壤孔隙率若以0.15%計算,就能調蓄約75億噸的水源,更何況地底下至少有3000公尺深的含水層,可想像蓄水空間有多大!

屏科大工學院長丁澈士認為大潮州人工湖有望實踐「增源減洪」的原理。攝影:廖靜蕙

另一方面,抬升地下水能減緩地層下陷,兼顧國土復育。他接著說,林邊溪左右兩岸很多地層下陷區,透過補注地下水,抬升水位即可避免地層下陷。這項計畫預估補注10年平穩後,得以提升地下水位5公尺,防治地層下陷、連帶改善沿海地區地下水鹽化現象,甚至還有多餘水源可供水,屏東縣政府正擬訂「水銀行」政策管理地下水源。

挖人工湖加大容量 期能留住暴雨轉化水資源

既然地下已具備大水庫,為何要挖人工湖?丁澈士解釋,台灣中央山脈都是水系,由東往西流動,中央山脈從平原一下竄升而陡直,造成台灣西南沿海河川都具備又短又急的特質,一旦暴雨來襲,其形成的洪水流速快,不能成為水資源,卻徒增災害。

「入滲到地下水庫的速度緩慢,而河道水流速度快,所以需要類似滯洪補注池緩衝的空間、讓水得以停留、不要溢出溪邊。」而大潮州人工湖就是滯洪補注池。

他提及,濁水溪即因每年地層下陷速度居西海岸之首,而限制了許多區域地下水使用。然而地下水的本質是來自每年雨水的再生補充,若不適時、適地、適量利用地下水源,結果就是任由雨水及地下的伏流水奔流入海。

調蓄之道也在於此。「使用地下水資源,才能補充、循環!」丁澈士指出,適當使用可讓地下水有入有出不斷循環,尤其是南部乾旱期長,使用地下水讓颱風期前呈現「空腹」狀態,更能吸納驟降的暴雨。

事實上在豐水期也要調蓄,因為一場颱風豪雨可能就造成地下水庫滿載,也是河川濁度飆高之際,由於原水濁度過高,自來水公司處理不及,常常使得颱風過後無自來水可用;而入滲的地下水,經過層層過濾、伏流而入,水質潔淨,此時若能使用地下水庫中的伏流水,既乾淨又可讓洪水成為補注,減緩下游地層下陷,可說一舉三得。

「又因地下水質乾淨,相對處理的成本就不高,也不需為了潔淨水源猛加藥,成本十分划算。」從監測站數據也得此印象。

大潮州人工湖於林邊溪畔打造引水口,也是傍河取水的概念,原本洪水一來,急速朝下游奔流、造成洪災,現在則因在中上游攔截取水,減緩奔流的速度與數量,又有乾淨的水可供使用。

丁澈士解釋,此處曾洪水氾濫,影響林邊的聚落,日治時期曾做過堤防,減少洪水,直接把洪水流到海裡,只是枯水期就沒水用了。因此可說,人工湖和堤防都為了防洪,不過人工湖轉化了洪水成為資源,而非只是避開擋掉水源。

二峰圳以地下集水原理,藏水於地底,得以維持潔淨水資源又源源不絕。攝影:廖靜蕙

這個原理就是「洪水資源化」,二峰圳就是一個例子。而二峰圳所採取的地下取水法,也不至於造成地貌太大的改變。「地下取水比較不危險,在河床上也不會有跨河或地上構造物,景觀也比較好。」可惜的是,大潮州人工湖受限地形地貌的因素,而使用地面取水,未能達到地下取水的理想。

重現都江堰人工智慧

大潮州人工湖工也配合地形,於上游處全台首次使用「彎道取水」技術,利用溪水過彎的離心力,通過輸水口後在湖內儲存,利用入滲速度快的滯洪補注湖補足地下水量。這並非新的概念,而是仿效兩千多年前先人設計都江堰取水的智慧。

都江堰市設計的原型簡單說就是凹沖凸淤,束水分流。所謂「凹沖凸淤」是說,水流過之後,凹岸被沖刷崩退,凸岸泥沙淤積。靠近凸岸的含沙量大,靠近凹岸的含沙量少,透過魚嘴設計,優雅地就把含沙量大的水流排走,把含沙量小的水流引入內河道輸水入湖。

大潮州人工湖工程概念是管柵後方取水加地下集水廊道。攝影:廖靜蕙
「彎道取水」技術是利用溪水過彎的離心力,通過濾網後在湖內儲存,慢慢補足地下水量。攝影:廖靜蕙

丁澈士說,防洪的觀念不一定要在地面上,最好的做法是「上游保水與還地於河、中游廣設滯洪補注、下游蓄水或與水共生」的策略,涵養與利用地下水資源,則長久以往,地層下陷問題當日益減輕其災害。

對此,美濃農村田野學會常務理事溫仲良表示,這是台灣首次計畫性的將地下水的使用與管理納入政策視野中,過去政府對於地下水的管理與使用都是放任民間自行發展,等到問題出現或導致大面積地層下陷時,政府才開始構思對策與行動;但大潮洲人工湖是從「補注」規劃開始,以地下水和地面土地使用管理的角度,監測地下水資源的效益。

結合二峰圳的模擬場域,認識大潮州人工湖的集水原理。攝影:廖靜蕙

由於大潮州人工湖強調與當地景觀融合,未來或能結合潮州鎮區域發展。丁澈士建議,例如潮州鎮可於附近發展精緻農業,接著導引進入景觀宜人的林後四林平地森林,從二峰圳模型進行水資源環境教育,最後到大潮州人工湖認識水源保護與補注源頭;並與當地部落居民發展成立河川巡守隊,讓水資源治理更貼近居民生活。

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※ 本文轉載自《台灣濕地網

作者

廖靜蕙

環境記者/自由撰稿人。從事社工10餘年,認知到畢竟是人的社會,再弱勢的人都可以為自己發言,決定轉投生態保育,為無法以人類語言發聲的生命與土地寫報導。現居台北市,與貓先生、龜小姐,微曦中閱讀,斗室中寫作。個人粉專「小麻通訊」。

 

《 Paul McCartney – Band On The Run (05:18) 》


《 Paul McCartney – Band On The Run (05:18) 》

[Verse 1]
Stuck inside these four walls
Sent inside forever
Never seeing no one nice again
Like you, mama
You, mama
You

[Segue]

[Verse 2]
If I ever get out of here
Thought of giving it all away
To a registered charity
All I need is a pint a day
If I ever get out of here
If we ever get out of here

[Segue]

[Verse 3]
Well, the rain exploded with a mighty crash
As we fell into the sun
And the first one said to the second one there
“I hope you’re having fun"

[Hook]
Band on the run
Band on the run
And the jailer man and Sailor Sam
Were searching everyone
For the band on the run
Band on the run
For the band on the run
Band on the run

[Verse 4]
Well, the undertaker drew a heavy sigh
Seeing no one else had come
And a bell was ringing in the Village Square
For the rabbits on the run

[Hook]
Band on the run
Band on the run
And the jailer man and Sailor Sam
Were searching everyone
For the band on the run
Band on the run

Yeah, the band on the run
Band on the run
Band on the run
Band on the run

[Verse 5]
Well, the night was falling as the desert world
Began to settle down
In the town they’re searching for us everywhere
But we never will be found

[Hook]
Band on the run
Band on the run
And the County Judge, who held a grudge
Will search forevermore
For the band on the run
Band on the run
Band on the run
Band on the run

不該只是「Let go」 食蛇龜與柴棺龜野放的難題


http://e-info.org.tw/node/41736?utm_source=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B1&utm_campaign=5f45bb473a-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_07_27&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_f99f939cdc-5f45bb473a-84956681

不該只是「Let go」 食蛇龜與柴棺龜野放的難題

建立於 2017/08/29
作者:陳添喜(屏東科技大學野生動物保育所助理教授)

因為非法盜獵與走私,台灣近十年查緝收容的食蛇龜柴棺龜數量已超過1萬隻,這些被救保育龜的最終處置是相關單位棘手的難題。過去雖然曾提出不同的處置方案,包括建立長期收容保種中心、轉送國內外民間收容機構長期收容、進行商業人工繁養殖試驗利用、提供學術機構研究使用、配合宗教團體智慧放生、野放回自然環境補充或重建野生族群等。但食蛇龜與柴棺龜既然被認定瀕危的保育龜,所有保育或保護措施應以野生族群的存續為重點,在長期沈重的收容壓力下,疏散密度過高或數量過多的收容動物,實有其必要性與急迫性,仍需考量是否符合對野生族群保育有利的大方向。

食蛇龜、柴棺龜野放都有死亡、被捕食或被盜獵的風險
食蛇龜、柴棺龜野放都有死亡、被捕食或被盜獵的風險。圖片來源:陳添喜

基於保育目的進行野生龜類的野放,是複雜且昂貴的過程!如果目的只是為了處置查緝收容動物,當然又是另一回事。最近美國海軍陸戰隊為了遷移一處訓練基地內1千多隻陸龜,預計要用5千萬美金(15億台幣)經費及監測30年,以確保移地野放後的陸龜可以適應新環境,並成功建立具有生態功能的族群。把動物放出去很容易,但要確認野放成功卻是一條漫漫長路!往往我們只能看到少數成功的案例,失敗或沒有進行監測評估的案例更多。野放動物常被認為是「Set free」,但多數的野放過程只算是「Let go」,到了野外環境發生什麼事根本不清楚。而Let got過程常被包裝成口號宣傳的嘉年華活動,但野放後實際成效常常是辛苦且漫長殘酷事實的呈現。

原地野放 vs 移地野放

能讓野生動物回到原來的棲息環境當然是最佳選擇,但許多現實條件限制查緝收容野生龜能安全回家的可能性,除非造成牠們族群下降的原因已經被排除或有效控制,如非法盜獵與棲息環境劣化。目前台灣收容保育龜要野放回自然環境時,在盜獵威脅未解的狀況下,選擇放回不安全的原棲息地並非最佳選擇,被重複盜獵的機會很高,很容易淪為有限資源的浪費,對保育野生族群實際助益有限。野放在民間生態農場或宗教團體護生園的選項,不易長期確保私有土地利用型式與所有權的處分不會改變,盜獵風險也不會因在私有土地而降低,只能算是另一種型式的收容,並非長遠之計。

野生龜的型態變異大,不易由外型判定其來源
野生龜的型態變異大,不易由外型判定其來源。圖片來源:陳添喜

許多人擔心移地野放會造成基因混雜的疑慮,早就是無解的問題;在港口或海上所查獲的動物,要追溯其來源的可能性極低。全島性的盜獵,已無法對野生食蛇龜族群進行採樣分析族群分化狀況;所謂族群分化主要是分析不同族群間基因頻度的差異,要利用表現型或基因型判定個體的來源並不實際。台灣不同區域的龜類會出現明顯的型態差異,但這些差異受到環境因子的影響程度遠高於遺傳組成的變異。食蛇龜的分佈受人為干擾程度比較低,但台灣的柴棺龜族群早已不是自然分佈;野外常發現背甲邊緣被鑽孔放生的柴棺龜,不少現生族群是人為引入,並非自然分佈,早就無法判定自然分化的趨勢。台灣長期默允許利用野外捕捉或人工繁殖的斑龜放生,過去在關渡宮放生龜攤位出現柴棺龜與食蛇龜並不稀奇。

在無法確定原棲息地點或盜獵威脅無法排除,甚至原棲息環地已遭受破壞或消失,移(異)地野放(translocation)是必然的選擇。移地野放措施也是龜類保育的重要手段之一,對因棲地消失或劣化的族群進行安置、增加受威脅族群個體數或提高遺傳多樣性及族群重建等利用龜類進行野放或再引入的案例不少,其原因包括有原有棲息環境的人為利用開發(如新市鎮開發、軍事設施、太陽能發電設施、修築公路)、瀕危族群重建、查緝收容及救傷復原個體野放等,但因野放原因與目的、方法的不同,實際成效差異極大。多數野放措施未進行追蹤評估,無法判定實際成效。

以保育為目的的龜類野放計畫,主要在讓野放動物能在預先評估選定的安全、合適之棲地內適應、存活、渡冬,並能建立起穩定活動範圍,最後能維持可自然繁衍且具有生態功能的族群。野放後的動物若無法適應新環境,除了無法存活下來,常會快速離開預期停留的野放範圍,增加意外死亡及被盜獵的機會。以美國東部箱龜為例,要能讓野放族群長期維持穩定的合適棲地面積約需500公頃,能符合條件的理想野放地點並不多,動物野放的評估、操作與監測就需更為謹慎。

軟野放 vs 硬野放

未經暫時圈養直接硬野放的食蛇龜出現長距離遷移
未經暫時圈養直接硬野放的食蛇龜出現長距離遷移。圖片來源:陳添喜。

許多野生動物的野放方法可分為硬野放(直接野放)及軟野放(漸進式野放);動物在野放前先在野放地點暫時圈養留置的軟野放,可減少野放初期移動的距離,縮短建立活動範圍的時間。陸棲龜類野放的相關研究發現,野放動物在野放初期(約1個月內)常會出現無方向性快速離開野放地點的趨勢,導致野放個體遠離合適安全的棲地環境,造成存活率下降,且無法進行追蹤監測。野放動物的死亡案例常與遠離原野放地點及利用不合適渡冬環境有關,減少於野放初期長距離移動機會,確保野放動物能停留在合適且受保護的範圍,是判定野放計畫成敗的關鍵因素之一。

未經過暫時圈養直接野放的食蛇龜一年內移動距離超過1.2公里,甚至在野放後數年內仍繼續無方向性移動。在野放地點經過幾天至數星期的圈養,野放後的移動距離與遠離野放點的機會將明顯下降。野放後移動1.2公里的距離,是代表遠離多數野放地點的範圍,可能已跨越鄰近的山谷、稜線或道路,甚至已經進入農墾地或人類活動頻繁的範圍。

食蛇龜成龜。攝影:鍾朝仁。

水棲或半水棲性龜類在野放地點暫時圈養的軟野放,實際效益有限,野放後的移動距離與合適水域棲地在空間分佈的連續性有關。以半水棲的柴棺龜為例,其族群組成與空間利用是典型的關聯族群(metapopulation),會在不同水域間進行季節性遷移;若選擇野放地點遠離其他合適水域環境,釋放後利用陸域環境遷移距離愈遠,能回到原野放地點的機會愈低,死亡的風險也愈高。如果野放地點鄰近其他水池、泥地、溝渠、草澤等可停留利用的環境,野放後移動距離會較近,回到原野放點機會增加並建立穩定活動範圍的時間較短。

於活動季野放的食蛇龜在野放後一個月內移動可超過500公尺
於活動季野放的食蛇龜在野放後一個月內移動可超過500公尺。圖片來源:陳添喜。

陸棲性種類(如食蛇龜)在未適應新環境前即直接釋放的硬野放,於野放後常會於短期內出現離開野放點的長距離線性遷移,此現象與動物不熟悉新環境或對原棲地點的忠誠度有關;野放動物在未熟悉新環境中空間定位訊息(如地標)、可利用躲避點的空間分佈、食物資源供給及捕食風險等環境訊息,尚未建立對特定區域的忠誠度,無法明確的定位及移動,或不斷搜尋原有的環境訊號;原生個體在熟悉的活動範圍內,常表現較明確具方向性的移動模式。通常已適應環境的原生個體,在環境資源利用的效率會高於移地野放個體,尤其在尚未適應熱環境前,體溫調節與活動、代謝速率皆受到影響。

野放動物並不應只是單純的「let go」放生過程,需儘量縮短搬運所耗費時間,如果需長途般運,可利用夜間運送避免白天高溫所造成緊迫。在野放地點經過暫時留置圈養後,不但可降低搬運過程所造成的緊迫,動物能有較長時間熟悉新環境的溫度變化與環境訊號,野放後常會停留在野放地點附近探索,再慢慢離開野放地點,快速遠離的機會將可下降。

野放季節很重要!

依經驗判斷多會認為在龜類的活動季高峰進行野放,動物會有更多機會適應新環境,會有更高的存活機會,但事實並非如此。在活動季節野放,動物常會快速遠離野放地點,能在安全地點停留的機會較低。在渡冬季前野放的食蛇龜與柴棺龜,第一年都停留在野放點附近停留渡冬;在野放地點附近範圍被重複捕捉發現的機會明顯高於活動季野放的動物。進行動物野放的季節選擇要考量動物實際需求與野放目的,不應只是配合活動舉辦或是隨緣放生。

縮短野放初期遷移距離與縮小活動範圍的方法除了暫時圈養的軟野放,也可利用強迫中止活動方法。在溫帶或亞熱帶,強迫中止活動軟野放是在活動季後期渡冬前進行野放,強迫動物在溫度下降停止活動前,在短期內在野放地點附近尋找合適渡冬環境,在停止活動後將有更長時間適應野放地點附近的環境訊息,可減少野放個體長距離遷移機會。但需評估野放新環境是否能提供野放動物安全且合適的渡冬地點的可及性,以免造成渡冬期間的死亡或遭受捕食。

柴棺龜幼體。圖片來源:Skink Chen(CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
柴棺龜幼體。圖片來源:Skink Chen(CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

查緝收容動物的野放不應只是Let go動物而已!如果野放目的還要有保育的附加價值,從地點與季節選擇、野放過程都需經過評估規劃,更重要的是需確保野放動物的安全,透過保育巡查讓好不容易重獲新生的動物不再重複遭受盜獵,並且需要進行監測評估,不應讓查緝、救傷與收容的努力付諸枉然!

野放動物的追蹤監測應該算是漫長的陪伴過程,每個案例可能遭遇的問題並不相同,需要透過不斷的發現與調整修正,可能是盜獵、疾病、捕食、墜崖、路殺……,甚至是營養不良,不可能是一隻都不能少的完美結局。沒有追蹤、監測、評估,不代表什麼事都不曾發生;但不去嘗試,查緝收容的動物就無法安全回到自然環境。

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※ 本文轉載自作者臉書

※ 本文與 行政院農業委員會 林務局  合作刊登

 

《 Paul McCartney – Hey Jude (07:32) 》


《 Paul McCartney – Hey Jude (07:32) 》

Hey, Jude, don’t make it bad
Take a sad song and make it better
Remember to let her into your heart
Then you can start to make it better

Hey, Jude, don’t be afraid
You were made to go out and get her
The minute you let her under your skin
Then you begin to make it better

And anytime you feel the pain
Hey, Jude, refrain
Don’t carry the world upon your shoulders
For well you know that it’s a fool
Who plays it cool
By making his world a little colder

Da da da da da da da da da

Hey, Jude, don’t let me down
You have found her, now go and get her
Remember to let her into your heart
Then you can start to make it better

So let it out and let it in, hey Jude, begin
You’re waiting for someone to perform with
And don’t you know that it’s just you,hey Jude you’ll do
The movement you need is on your shoulder

Da da da da da da da da da

Hey, Jude, don’t make it bad
Take a sad song and make it better
Remember to let her under your skin
Then you begin to make it better…

‘Wow, no cow’: the Swedish farmer using oats to make milk


https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/aug/26/wow-no-cow-swedish-farmer-oats-milk-oatly

‘Wow, no cow’: the Swedish farmer using oats to make milk

Swedish drinks company helps farmer shift away from livestock farming and cut climate impact with his own oat milk brand

Adam Arnesson in a field of oats at his organic farm in Örebro country, Sweden
 Adam Arnesson in a field of oats at his organic farm in Örebro country, Sweden. Photograph: Tom Levitt for the Guardian

Adam Arnesson, 27, is not your usual milk producer. For starters, he doesn’t have any dairy cattle. Our first photo opportunity is in the middle of one of his fields of oats.

Until last year all these oats went into animal feed, either sold or fed to the sheep, pigs and cows he rears on his organic farm in Örebro county, central Sweden.

With the support of Swedish drinks company Oatly, they are now being used to produce an oat milk drink – tapping into the growing market for dairy alternatives across the country.

Livestock still provides most of the income of the 80ha farm Arnesson runs in partnership with his parents. But he wants that to change.

“The natural thing for us would be to increase our livestock numbers, but I don’t want a factory,” he says. “The number of animals has to be emotionally right so I know each of them.”

Instead, Arnesson wants to grow more protein crops, such as oats, and sell them for human consumption rather than for feeding to livestock to produce meat and dairy.

The rearing of livestock and meat consumption accounts for 14.5% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Alongside carbon emissions from deforestation (for pasture or crops to feed animals), the livestock sector is also the single biggest human-related source of methane (from cattle) and nitrous oxide emissions (from fertiliser and manure), two particularly potent greenhouse gases.

On current trends, by 2050 we will be growing more crops to feed directly to animals than ourselves. Even small shifts to feeding crops to humans instead of livestock would lead to significant increases in food availability.

One company promoting itself heavily on the back of its claim to be tackling this issue has been Oatly. It has been causing controversy – and has even been the target of legal action from a Swedish dairy trade group – with its outspoken attacks on the dairy sector and its related climate emissions.

Ditch the cows, drink oat milk and save the planet, has been the gist of its marketing messaging, which has included a promotional video of CEO Toni Petersson singing “Wow, no cow’ in a field of oats.

Petersson says the company is just “telling people what the science tells us about the need to consume more plant-based foods”.

Adam Arnesson
Pinterest
 Arnesson’s drink was branded as “Gammeldags Hafvredryck” (Swedish for old-fashioned oat drink) because of his use of a less commonly grown oat variety. Photograph: Tom Levitt for the Guardian

The Swedish Food Agency – while it highlights the benefit of grazing animals for producing a “rich agricultural landscape” in the country – warns people against consuming too many dairy products, due to the climate impact of methane gas emissions from cows.

However, Arnesson says many farmers in Sweden believe Oatly is demonising dairy farmers.

“I had a lot of arguments on social media with other farmers, because I thought what Oatly was doing could bring better opportunities to our sector,” says Arnesson, who decided to contact the company in 2015 to see if they could help him switch away from livestock.

For Oatly, the timing was ideal. It buys its oats from a wholesaler as it says it does not have the scale to mill and process itself, but saw Arnesson as an opportunity to demonstrate how it could help transition farmers away from livestock farming.

By late 2016, Arnesson had his own limited edition range of Oatly-branded oat milk complete with a national video campaign.

“Quite a lot of farmers had a bad image and perhaps even hated us,” says Cecilia Sjöholm, head of communications at Oatly. “But we’re very much pro-farmer.” Petersson adds: “We want to be a catalyst company. We can help farmers move away from animals to plant production.”

So far, Arnesson says, he has faced little hostility from his neighbours for collaborating with Oatly. “It was kind of surprising but other dairy farmers have been to my [farm] shop and like the oat milk. One came and said he likes cow’s milk and oats too. It’s a Swedish thing to eat oats. The anger is not as strong as it seems on Facebook.”

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The company played upon the heritage of oats in the Swedish diet by branding Arnesson’s limited edition range as “Gammeldags Hafvredryck” (Swedish for old-fashioned oat drink) because of his use of a less commonly grown oat variety.

After the first year of producing oats, analysis by researchers at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences found that Arnesson’s farm was producing double the amount of calories for human consumption per hectare and had halved the climate impact of each calorie produced.

At present, Arnesson admits that growing the oats for milk is only viable with Oatly’s support of a guaranteed market. But with the growth of the company – it produced 28m litres of oat milk in 2016 and plans to have a capacity of 100m by 2020 – he hopes that changes in the near future.

“I don’t want to take pride from having a tractor or producing 10 tonnes of wheat or a sow with 10 piglets, but in feeding and preserving the planet – that is one of the big things I want as a farmer to be involved in changing,” says Arnesson.

Oatly said it plans to work with three more farmers to demonstrate the environmental benefits of switching from livestock to more crop production. But Arnesson says livestock farmers need government support in order to do so in large numbers.

“Converting to growing oats won’t be viable for everyone and not for those dairy farmers that have built up a large farm business. But we need to start talking about farming in a different way. About the opportunities and not just the problems,” he says.

Since you’re here …

… we have a small favour to ask. More people are reading the Guardian than ever but advertising revenues across the media are falling fast. And unlike many news organisations, we haven’t put up a paywall – we want to keep our journalism as open as we can. So you can see why we need to ask for your help. The Guardian’s independent, investigative journalism takes a lot of time, money and hard work to produce. But we do it because we believe our perspective matters – because it might well be your perspective, too.

I appreciate there not being a paywall: it is more democratic for the media to be available for all and not a commodity to be purchased by a few. I’m happy to make a contribution so others with less means still have access to information.Thomasine F-R.

If everyone who reads our reporting, who likes it, helps to support it, our future would be much more secure.

 

酪農不養牛 瑞典青農種燕麥產奶 盼減輕環境衝擊


http://e-info.org.tw/node/206981?utm_source=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B1&utm_campaign=5f45bb473a-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_07_27&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_f99f939cdc-5f45bb473a-84956681

酪農不養牛 瑞典青農種燕麥產奶 盼減輕環境衝擊

建立於 2017/08/29
本報2017年8月29日綜合外電報導,姜唯編譯;蔡麗伶審校

現年27歲的亞尼森(Adam Arnesson)不是一般的酪農,他甚至一頭乳牛都沒有養。去年以前,他的燕麥田是用來生產動物飼料、出售或是餵食自家有機農場中的綿羊、豬和牛。

在瑞典飲品公司歐特力(Oatly)的支持下,亞尼森的燕麥田轉供應燕麥奶生產,打進瑞典成長中的牛奶替代品市場。

https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FJannelunds.Gard%2Fposts%2F1582022655159819%3A0&width=640

「90後」接手牧場 目標是認識每一隻動物

雖然畜牧仍然是主要收入來源,「90後」的亞尼森和父母共同經營一片80公頃牧場,他希望有所改變:「增加牲畜數量是幹我們這行的最直覺反應,但我不想要把農場變工廠。我希望農場裡的動物數量能維持在我能認識每一隻的程度就好。」

因此,亞尼森逆向操作,他反而希望多種點燕麥這類的蛋白質作物,賣給人類食用,而不是種來當經濟動物或乳牛的飼料。

「放過乳牛 拯救地球」 瑞典燕麥奶公司另類行銷

畜牧過程和肉食消費的碳排總和,佔全球碳排量的14.5%。為轉作牧草或動物飼料而導致森林遭砍伐消失,這樣的碳排放與畜牧業不相上下,都是人類活動排放甲烷(來自於牛隻)和一氧化氮(來自於肥料和糞便)的最大單一來源。

照目前的趨勢,到了2050年人類種來餵動物的作物會比餵人還多。只要將一小部分餵食動物的作物拿去給人類食用,就能顯著增加糧食供給

歐特力自詡為解決這個問題的飲品公司,以「放過乳牛、喝燕麥奶、拯救地球」為行銷訴求,甚至公開抨擊酪農業是溫室氣體排放的幫兇,成為瑞典酪農貿易組織訴訟的對象。執行長彼得森(Toni Petersson)強調,歐特力只是告訴人們,科學證據也指出我們應該多喝植物奶。

瑞典糧食局指出,放牧創造瑞典豐富的農業景觀,但同時也警告人們不要消費太多動物性乳製品,以緩減牛隻甲烷排放量。

傳統畜牧業轉型 有助力也有阻力

不過,亞尼森說,許多瑞典農民都相信歐特力是在妖魔化酪農。

「我常在社群網站上和其他農民爭論,因為我認為歐特力幫這個產業帶來更好的機會。」亞尼森說。2015年他決定和歐特力聯繫,看看他們是否能幫助自己從傳統畜牧業轉型。

對歐特力來說這是個絕佳的機會,既能向無法自行研磨加工的批發商購買燕麥,又能透過亞尼森展示如何幫助酪農轉型。2016年底,亞尼森的歐特力燕麥奶廣告在全國放送。

「可能有許多酪農很討厭我們,但我們很願意支持農民。我們希望扮演催化劑的角色,幫助農民從生產動物製品轉型生產植物製品。」歐特力溝通總監肖霍姆(Cecilia Sjöholm)說。

研究數據證實 環境改善一年後見效

亞尼森說,目前為止他並沒有因為和歐特力合作而從鄰居身上感受到太多敵意。「其他酪農甚至會到我們的商店購買燕麥奶,並且表示喜歡。憤怒並不像Facebook上所看到的那麼強烈。」

生產燕麥一年後,瑞典農業科學大學研究人員分析發現,亞尼森的田每公頃供應人類消費的卡路里增加了一倍,每產出1卡路里造成的氣候效應減半。

https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FJannelunds.Gard%2Fphotos%2Fa.750206625008097.1073741825.142939412401491%2F873461816015910%2F%3Ftype%3D3&width=640

目前,亞尼森坦言只有靠歐特力保證市場支持才有辦法靠賣燕麥維生。但隨著歐特力的成長——2016年生產2800萬公升燕麥奶,2020年預計生產1億公升——他相信情況將會有所改變。

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參考資料

作者

蔡麗伶(LiLing Barricman)

In my healing journey and learning to attain the breath awareness, I become aware of the reality that all the creatures of the world are breathing the same breath. Take action, here and now. From my physical being to the every corner of this out of balance’s planet.

姜唯

如果有一件事是重要的,如果能為孩子實現一個願望,那就是人類與大自然和諧共存。

 

《 Paul McCartney – While My Guitar Gently Weeps (06:32) 》


《 Paul McCartney – While My Guitar Gently Weeps (06:32) 》

[Verse 1]
I look at you all see the love there that’s sleeping
While my guitar gently weeps
I look at the floor and I see it needs sweeping
Still my guitar gently weeps

[Verse 2]
I don’t know why nobody told you
How to unfold your love
I don’t know how someone controlled you
They bought and sold you

[Verse 3]
I look at the world and I notice it’s turning
While my guitar gently weeps
With every mistake we must surely be learning
Still my guitar gently weeps

[Verse 4]
I don’t know how you were diverted
You were perverted too
I don’t know how you were inverted
No one alerted you

[Verse 5]
I look at you all see the love there that’s sleeping
While my guitar gently weeps
Look at you all
Still my guitar gently weeps

Oh, oh
Oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh
Oh, oh, oh, oh

Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah
Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, oh, ooh

《 Paul McCartney – Say Say Say (04:56) 》


《 Paul McCartney – Say Say Say (04:56) 》

[Verse 1: Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson]
Say Say Say
What you want
But don’t play games
With my affection
Take take take
What you need
But don’t leave me
With no direction

[Hook 1: Michael Jackson]
All alone
I sit home by the phone
Waiting for you, baby
Through the years
How can you stand to hear
My pleading for you
You know I’m crying
Oo oo oo oo oo

[Verse 2: Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson]
Go go go
Where you want
But don’t leave me
Here forever
You you you stay away
So long girl, I see you never

[Hook 2: Michael Jackson]
What can I do, girl
To get through to you
Cause I love you baby
Standing here
Baptized in all my tears
Baby through the years
You know I’m crying
Oo oo oo oo oo

(Say, say, say…)

[Bridge: Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson]
You never ever worry
And you never shed a tear
You’re saying that my love ain’t real
Just look at my face these tears ain’t drying

[Verse 3: Paul McCartney]
You you you
Can never say
That I’m not the one
Who really loves you
I pray pray pray, everyday
That you’ll see things
Girl like I do

[Hook 2: Michael]
What can I do, girl
To get through to you
Cause I love you baby
Standing here
Baptized in all my tears
Baby through the years
You know I’m crying
Oo oo oo oo oo

Oo oo oo oo oo (say, say, say)
Oo oo oo oo oo
Oh baby
Oo oo oo oo oo
Oh baby
Oh baby
(Oo oo oo, oo oo oo, oo oo oo…)
Oh baby
(Oo oo oo, oo oo oo, oo oo oo…)
Oh baby
Oh baby
Say, say, say (Say, say, say)
Oo oo oo say, say, say, Oo oo oo say, say, say…
Come on
(Say, say, say, Say, say, say, Say, say, say…)
Come on
Oo oo oo say, say, say, Oo oo oo say, say, say
Oo oo oo yeah, yeah, yeah, Oo oo oo yeah, yeah, yeah
Oo oo oo say, say, say, Oo oo oo say, say, say…
Oo oo oo
Say, say, say
Oo oo oo (come on)
(Say, say, say)

「布農豆知識」返鄉開展 讓Tina的保種智慧落地生根


http://e-info.org.tw/node/206959?utm_source=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B1&utm_campaign=5f45bb473a-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_07_27&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_f99f939cdc-5f45bb473a-84956681

「布農豆知識」返鄉開展 讓Tina的保種智慧落地生根

建立於 2017/08/28
本報2017年8月28日南投訊,特約記者廖靜蕙報導

長者的累積一身的精采知識如何呈現?南投信義鄉望鄉部落正進行一場特別的「布農豆知識」展覽,內容出自部落文化健康站「tina」口述,整理過去布農族利用豆類的知識,3月已在台北植物園展出,8月回移回部落。望鄉牧師撒伊‧伊斯卡卡夫特表示,部落的歷史和這些豆類息息相關,失去它們,就失去某些歷史的記憶及文化特質。他勉勵、期待部落種回傳統作物,縫補斷裂的歷史記憶。

紀錄布農豆保種經驗  下世代糧安備忘錄

Tina是布農語「母親」的意思,也泛指女性長輩。望鄉(Kalibuan)雖是一個日治時期集團移住的部落,然而多位年長婦女透過母親的傳承,仍保有祖先農耕方式的記憶。「布農豆知識展」即收集20位望鄉老太太們各式豆類及傳統農作知識,透過16開水彩畫作20幅、豆類、雜糧種子,以及婦女群像照片呈現。民眾透過參觀過程,體會到部落保種的重要性,以及部落婦女在雜糧保種上重要地位與文化保存的意義。

望鄉部落加入豆類保種的tina(布農語「奶奶」的意思)。攝影:廖靜蕙

8月15日落展覽開幕當天,tina們穿著傳統服裝參加,儀式莊嚴盛大。望鄉基督長老教會文健站[1]舉辦感恩禮拜,撒伊‧伊斯卡卡夫特說,整理部落民族植物以及保種知識的重要性,是透過植物名稱得以審視歷史的變遷、文化融合及祖先們生命的痕跡。

撒伊‧伊斯卡卡夫特接著說,布農族過去有7個社群,現在剩下5個社群,部分傳統植物的名稱幾乎一致,如小米madoq、紅mukun、刺蔥tana等,一些植物則因社群遷移而產生明顯分岐,如果,南投叫sangiav、高雄叫kangavas。

一些外來的作物,命名上也有獨特的印記。例如70年前參與南洋戰爭的全日升先生,戰後带了幾顆酪梨種子回望鄉部落種植,種子結果後不知名字,只知道果子掉到地下就代表成熟了,便為這果子取名叫pasting(掉下來之意),就是酪梨的布農名。

「布農族人只知它是果中之王,卻不知與二戰歷史有關。」撒伊‧伊斯卡卡夫特說,在這些傳統知識逐漸淡忘之際,台北植物園到部落進行豆類保種調查,認為部落應該做這方面的保存和紀錄,正好填補這個空缺。

在植物名字裡印記文化脈絡

台灣布農族部落婦女的田間知識相當豐富,農委會林業試驗所與台大合作執行科技部計畫,去(2016)年由台北植物園研究團隊前來部落進行豆類保種調查;這與望鄉文健站的目標一致,因此開啟這段以tina為主角的公民「保種」行動。

傳統作物知識流失快速,全球保種趨勢以部落社區為主體。圖為望鄉布農豆知識展一景。攝影:廖靜蕙

「布農豆知識是一個美麗的過程。」林試所植物園組組長董景生在開幕致詞時表示,傳統上做民族植物會貼附著一位記錄者,跟著他在部落生活。但這個計劃則改變作法,以公民參與的方式進行,保種的智慧不再屬於個人,而是屬於全體部落。

「布農豆知識」3月已於台北植物園南門町三二三展出。林試所研究助理温宛菁一年來,穿梭在望鄉每位老奶奶家中,記錄他們收藏的種子。雖然以豆類為主,過程挖掘不少糧食作物,他將這些種子、植株,一筆一筆描繪下來,搭配說明文字製成摺頁,令參觀的民眾愛不釋手。

「老太太的菜園看起來亂七八糟,卻是保種園。」今年2月文健站日托班的老太太們,重新復耕這些傳統豆類,有些年紀都80多了,幾乎無法負這些勞力,家人也因顧及身體因素,反對他們耕種,但老奶奶們還是會偷偷種。這些種原就是靠家前的不起眼保麗龍盒,偷偷保留下來的。

望鄉部落傳統混種田,一小片土地就有近十種作物。攝影:廖靜蕙

溫宛菁說,這些豆類在部落流傳已久,在文化上具有獨特意涵,例如赤小豆,望鄉巒社群稱為benustanaul/benu simuk,意思是「鄒族豆」,這項命名和過去被迫遷移的記憶有關。日治時代被迫遷移到原來鄒族的傳統領域,赤小豆是到了這地方才有的種類,因此賦予這個名字。

這些豆子可能不是原生種,卻在部落流傳上百年,在保種、種植的過程,不斷和部落文化互動、產生連結,從它們的名字就能找到蛛絲馬跡。

又如鵲豆,望鄉命名為bulavaz sila,sila就是旁邊的意思,所以也叫旁邊豆,因為它就種在田的旁邊。溫宛菁解釋,傳統的豆類不會單一種類種植,而是和其他作物雜種再一起,可是鵲豆會攀爬,而且長得很高,傳統就利用田邊種植。

鵲豆布農語有種在田旁邊的意思。攝影:廖靜蕙

有些看似普通常見的豆類放入特展,則因背後有精彩絕倫的傳說,好吃的綠豆即為一例。過去為了偷偷從別的村子帶回來不被發現,男人可得放在包皮中才能偷渡成功呢!這款綠豆和主流社會吃的大眾作物又是不同的品種。

傳統作物幾乎都是外來種。長期從事民族植物紀錄的董景生指出,在探討民族植物過程中,常須面對它從哪裡來的問題。原住民利用得很精彩的樹豆,其實源自於印度,但在主流社會文化觀點,認定既然是從印度引入的外來種,怎會是原住民傳統作物?原住民的生態的或傳統的智慧又在哪?

「當這個外來植物,百年前經過荷蘭或其他國家在航海過程,把植物帶到部落;部落學習種植、利用它,過程產生了因地制宜的做法,就是屬於部落的傳統智慧。」董景生說,因此誰擁有這些知識的使用權,就必須經過部落共同的討論。

20年前他到望鄉田野調查時,曾跟著老獵人上山打獵,老獵人在山上告訴他,認識台灣蘋果很重要;蘋果成熟時,到樹下就很容易抓到山豬。他因工作關係,需到不同部落田調,收集類似資料過程,認知到這類的智慧快速流失中。

「這些物種流失的太快,遠在我們談這智慧歸屬之前,它先流失了,這才是無可彌補的問題。」董景生說,國際植物園聯盟會員都積極保種,過程中需地區的知識以及全民參與,在此理想下發展與社區的合作,重點是陪伴部落就地保存知識與種原庫。

保種  面對氣候變遷的糧食安全之鑰

另外,展覽摺頁中也整理了各式豆類的種植曆,有如種植的地圖。董景生說,國外所有保種復興運動,包括植物園,都會編製當地四季不同的植物種植曆,引導部落年輕人回鄉時如何種植。

布農族最知名的小米種植曆,引導族人生活節期,但現在若依據過去小米種植曆種植,會發現受氣候環境條件而有差異。董景生認為,當代每個部落社區都該有自己的種植曆才能迎戰氣候變遷的糧食安全。

當氣候變遷成為不可逆的事實之際,70%我們常吃的糧食作物,可能減產或被替換。世界各國農糧單位必須回答:當2020年氣溫增加3℃,那些作物可以挺過挑戰、成為人類下世代的糧食?在這種情況下,保種必須是共同參與的過程,以最大公約數將多樣性的種子保留下來。「對部落而言保種不是一個人的事,而是全民保種,部落裡每一個人都須具備的能力。」

董景生指出,現今全球植物園保種,逐漸朝向全民參與或以部落和社區為主體的保種方式;一個豆子,可能因斑紋不同,就有不同的名字和作用,對人類有沒有用途,可能得種了十年,因為暖化發現適應環境的能力才能得知。

漫步望鄉,雖然眼目所及,仍是部落為了生計種植的大面積經濟作物,但傳統作物的重要性也逐漸脫穎而出。過去部落保種知識藉由展覽吸引社會大眾眼光,就有機會藉由這些知識的實踐,在氣候變遷下增加環境韌性。

傳統知識的傳承,攸關下世代糧食安全與韌性。攝影:廖靜蕙

布農族名字一致的傳統作物:

小米madoq
紅藜mukun
薏仁tipul
高粱sumsum
刺蔥tana
山胡椒maqav
苧麻liv
肉桂pa-isaz
樹豆qalidang

因遷移而分岐的植物:

芒果:南投地區稱為sangiav、高雄地區稱為kangavas;
亞麻仁子:望鄉、新鄉、豐丘叫hima、其他地區稱sikul;
玉米:巒社群稱bu-i、郡社稱tipul、丹社稱lamoqo;
茶葉:巒社稱ucia(日語)、卓社稱savil;
蓮霧:其他地區用中文,南投地區就稱為pusoq(肚臍)。
撒伊‧伊斯卡卡夫特牧師提供

[註1]原民會從2006年推部落老人照顧中心,以前叫做老人日間關懷站,重點在照顧健康的老人,課程也以教室空間為主;2014年原民會調整方向,以部落文化和健康為主題,因此改名為文健站,現在叫望鄉部落文化健康站,簡稱文健站。原民會這項改變是認為教室的空間概念,應包含家庭、田地、部落,背後隱含文化教育傳承的意味,將傳統文化知識記錄下來。

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作者

廖靜蕙

環境記者/自由撰稿人。從事社工10餘年,認知到畢竟是人的社會,再弱勢的人都可以為自己發言,決定轉投生態保育,為無法以人類語言發聲的生命與土地寫報導。現居台北市,與貓先生、龜小姐,微曦中閱讀,斗室中寫作。個人粉專「小麻通訊」。

 

種田所得不比賣地差 農委會「對地綠色環境給付」2018年上路


http://e-info.org.tw/node/206958?utm_source=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B1&utm_campaign=5f45bb473a-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_07_27&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_f99f939cdc-5f45bb473a-84956681

種田所得不比賣地差 農委會「對地綠色環境給付」2018年上路

建立於 2017/08/28
本報2017年8月28日台北訊,陳文姿報導

種田不賺錢,賣地較實在?為鼓勵糧食生產從米轉向具有競爭力品種與雜糧,並採用對土地環境有利的友善耕作,農委會2018年起將施行「對地綠色環境給付計畫」。農委會副主委陳吉仲表示,未來只要農地農用,每公頃就可領每期3萬至6萬元的補助,農委會保證務農30年所有的農業所得(含環境給付、生產收入、福利與年金等)可以達到每公頃1500萬元的目標。

這筆金額跟賣地價格相當,又可讓農地維持農用,但陳吉仲承認,還是無法跟宜蘭、桃園等地昂貴的農地價格相比。陳吉仲表示,這項措施需搭配2016年5月20日後新增農地工廠即報即拆政策、農地資源盤查、以及全國國土計畫等政策,才能完整保護農地。

西部平原上的農舍問題。攝影:陳志昌。圖片來源:我們的島。
西部平原上的農舍問題。攝影:陳志昌。圖片來源:我們的島。

愈友善環境補貼愈多  務農也有好收入

「對地綠色環境給付計畫」屬堆疊式架構,分為四項——對地綠色給付、作物獎勵、耕作制度獎勵與友善環境補貼,每種補助有不同的條件,符合條件越多,也領的越多。

18403350_1833170653674430_1512003657771838410_n (1)
對地綠色環境給付計畫的四層獎勵概念。資料來源:農委會簡報

農糧署糧食產業組組長林傳琦解釋,最基本的農地農用,可以領到「對地綠色給付」每期每公頃1萬元;如果配合節能、低耗水等耕作制度,則可得到「耕作制度獎勵」1萬元;若種植契作進口替代作物,如大豆、玉米、小麥胡麻等,則每期每公頃可領「作物獎勵」1萬至4萬元,三種都符合的話,則有3萬至6萬元[註]

此外,對正在進行有機轉型期、有機驗證、登錄友善耕作的農地,還可加領「友善環境補貼」補助,最長三年,每年每公頃3萬~8萬元不等。以一年二期計,如果四種補貼資格都符合,則最高每年可領到20萬元。

陳吉仲分析,這筆環境給付的補貼、加上農業生產的收入、農民福利、老農年金,30年下來農業所得可達每公頃1500萬元。跟賣地平均每公頃1500萬元相當,卻還可保有農地。

陳吉仲也務實地表示,這樣的價格還是比不上宜蘭、桃園的農地價格。農糧署副署長莊老達進一步解釋,農地價差很大,以桃園位於路邊、比較適合做工廠使用的農地為例,一分地(約0.1公頃)就超過1000萬元。

陳吉仲說明,要減少農地流失,做好農地的管理,農委會還會搭配520後農地工廠即報即拆,正在進行的農地盤點,以及未來的國土規劃。

引導從稻米轉種雜糧   增加多樣性減少進口

「對地綠色環境給付計畫」預計2018年起全面實施,約計超過30萬公頃農田適用此計畫。計畫總金額約200億元。

林傳琦解釋,這項計畫是從現有的「休耕」、「轉作」、跟「保價收購」(公糧)三項制度的預算調整,不會額外編定預算。原「保價收購」依舊持續,與稻作直接給付雙軌並行,農友可擇一辦理。

莊老達說,國內稻米生產過剩,農民在稻米市場價格不好時,就將稻米賣給公糧,公糧買高賣低,且存量過高,還要想辦法經銷。但另一方面,國內種植雜糧成本較高,每年大量從國外進口大豆、黑豆、玉米等,造成國內糧食自給率過低。

糧倉年年囤滿稻米。攝影:陳添寶。圖片來源:我們的島。

莊老達說,透過新計畫,將引導農民加入契作,種植價格更高的稻米品種,進入市場行銷。新計畫也鼓勵農民改種雜糧,減少對進口雜糧的依賴。這些農作都不會進入公糧,所以對地綠色環境補貼雖然增加,但公糧支出減少,總經費大約維持不變。

莊老達表示,進口雜糧價格便宜,台灣過去種植面積很少。這些年消費者看上國產雜糧新鮮,又是非基改品種,即便價差三倍,還是很支持。目前,大豆跟黑豆種植面積都在成長中。

國產非基因改造黃豆 (大豆)。照片提供:農委會。
國產非基因改造黃豆(大豆)。照片提供:農委會。

接軌國土計畫  維護未來農地多樣性

「對地綠色環境給付」將從2018年至2021年執行四年。2020年,「縣市國土計畫」公告實施。屆時,此計畫將與國土計畫接軌,範圍可能擴大到全國優良農地。

國土計畫將把優良農地劃入農業發展區,無法輕易變成工業用地,雖是基於國家糧食安全考量,但恐怕引發農民反彈。

陳吉仲說,農委會要保證不賣農地,也能有相當的收益,如此才能說服農民,讓農地留在農業發展區。

莊老達表示,「對地綠色環境給付」可讓農地利用合理化、增加糧食多樣性、減少對進口糧食的依賴,也對生態也很有貢獻。作物有多樣性,生態也會多樣性,將對土壤、水源、生態、農業都有正面效應。

[註]「對地綠色環境給付」計畫補貼標準表
20170825 對地綠色環境給付
對地綠色環境給付四種補貼與獎勵的標準。資料來源:農委會
20170825 對地綠色環境給付
對地綠色環境給付計畫的第二層:「作物獎勵」,根據不同作物的不同補貼標準(大專業農是指參加「小地主大專業農」計畫的農友)。資料來源:農委會

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《 Paul McCartney – Queenie Eye (04:19) 》


《 Paul McCartney – Queenie Eye (04:19) 》

There were rules you never told me, never came up with a plan
All the stories that you sold me didn’t help me understand
But I had to get it worked out, had nobody who could help
So then in the end it turned out that I had to do it by myself

Life’s a game, rags from riches
Dogs and bitches hunt for fame
Difficult to know which way to turn
Lay the blame on the snitches
Wicked witches fan the flame
Careful what you touch in case you burn

Queenie eye, Queenie eye, who’s got the ball?
I haven’t got it, it isn’t in my pocket
O-U-T spells out (out), that’s out (out)
Without a shadow of a doubt
‘Cause you’ve been putting it about (about)
Hear the people shout
Hear the people shout

Play the game, take your chances
Every dance is much the same
Doesn’t matter which of them you choose
Never blame circumstances
If romances seldom came
Never pick a fight you’re gonna lose

(Refrain)

It’s a long way to the finish
When you’ve never been before
I was nervous, but I did it
Now I’m going back for more

Hear the people shout

(Refrain x2)

核電影影展9月登場 看反核更談能源正義


http://e-info.org.tw/node/206983?utm_source=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B1&utm_campaign=5f45bb473a-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_07_27&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_f99f939cdc-5f45bb473a-84956681

核電影影展9月登場 看反核更談能源正義

建立於 2017/08/28
本報2017年8月28日台北訊,賴品瑀報導

今夏面臨缺電危機,原本反核已有高度共識的台灣社會,因此出現是否重啟核電的聲音,民間團體主辦的「核電影」影展,將於9月8日開幕,此次他們帶來19部影片,要帶起核電與能源正義的討論。包括發生在芬蘭小鎮的反核故事《漢娜反核日記》、描述福島核災後當地漁民近況《福島漁民物語》,導演都將隨片來台座談。

20507866_1416942898375137_3624210494895385460_o
「核電影」影展今年走入第三屆。圖片來源:綠色公民行動聯盟提供。

「核電影」影展由環團綠色公民行動聯盟從2013年發起,今年已是第三屆。走過人民上街反核到目前反核成為共識、廢核政策定調的過程,策展人陳詩婷表示,這一次的核電影,不但帶來世界各地目前持續中的核電爭議與福島核災後續外,今年片單更延伸至氣候變遷、空氣污染、能源開發、環境權、人權等議題。

除了《漢娜反核日記》導演Fredrik Oskarsson、《福島漁民物語》導演山田徹將來台座談外,每一個場次也都安排了與談人座談或是映前導讀。

此次核電影推出19部影片,分類為「核電很有事」、「核災進行式」、「與核共武」、「能源出代誌」4個單元。陳詩婷解釋,從關注核能爭議,跨向關注能源正義,這也是呼應台灣在已有反核共識後,進一步反省既有的能源使用模式,討論起能源轉型。

陳詩婷表示,這一次核電影所選的影片,多是近一兩年內完成紀錄片,《漢娜反核日記》、《紐約核電危機》等,揭露了目前國際上正在發生的核能爭議,包括美國紐約、芬蘭、澳洲、德國、非洲目前如何看待核電。

車諾比與福島核災的後續,也有紀錄片工作者持續關注,《福島漁民物語》、《一個人的福島》則是從榮景不再的漁民、不願離開家園的最後一個福島居民的故事,看福島核災,《車諾比的悲鳴》更是根據諾貝爾文學獎得主斯維拉娜.亞歷塞維奇的報導拍攝核災後車諾比。也有《輻射圍城》、《核武交響曲》、《歿日之日》3部關於核武的作品,帶領觀眾一窺俄羅斯「City40」核武基地居民、日本廣島核爆倖存者的遭遇。

此次核電影也企圖提醒民眾能源正義的問題,思考目前正在使用的能源,背後是誰因此犧牲與遭到壓迫。《北達科他聖地之戰》、《出賣亞馬遜》等片,呈現了美國北達科他州的蘇族,聖地遭油管工程威脅珍貴水源;祕魯亞馬遜森林的部落居民,因被視作妨礙國家開採天然氣致富的絆腳石,而陸續引發的激烈抗爭。《我們的巴黎協議》則是從草根環保人士的角度檢視氣候協議的限制,並提出真要有系統性的改變,應是有需要由草根組織培力、串聯、鼓動群眾由下而上而來。

核電影也從台灣紀錄片工作者為了對抗空污發起的「脫口罩找藍天」計畫當中,挑選了當中的1部紀錄片與3部實驗短片,也邀請了計劃發起者之一的黃淑梅導演,於2017年完成的空污短片《孩子的天空》也將放映。

此次核電影影展將於9月8日至16日在光點華山等場地舉辦,供民眾免費索票入場,之後也將有到全台巡迴的計畫。參展影片片單、放映表等,詳情可見「2017年核電影官方網站」(http://zeronuke.gcaa.org.tw/2017/filmfestival.php

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作者

賴品瑀

新店溪下游人,曾在成大中文與南藝紀錄所練功打怪撿裝備,留下《我們迷獅子》、《我是阿布》兩部紀錄片作品。現為人類觀察員,並每日鍛鍊肌肉與腦內啡,同時為環境資訊電子報專任記者,為大家搭起友誼的橋樑。

 

【妖言惑眾】養育


【妖言惑眾】

把養育孩子當作是婚姻生活的目的,

這是每一對夫妻都可以做得到的。

但是,

父母的人生與子女的人生,

卻是截然的不同的。

因為,

在養育子女方面上的不同調,

那也是必然的,

也是很自然的事。

【◎心靈研磨坊 - 曼陀羅藏◎】

《心靈研磨坊 ─ 身心體能極限的突破,放慢步調,邁開腳步,輕鬆地悠遊著....》